In vitro examination of antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities of cinnamon, white thyme, and clove essential oils

The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effect of three essential oils (cinnamon, white thyme, and clove) on selected intestinal pathogen bacteria, probiotic strains, commensal bacteria. Additionally, their effects inflammatory gene expression were also evaluated a well-known human cellular model (Caco-2 cells). Cinnamon showed highest antipathogenic microbial activity, followed by thyme clove. In case inhibitory observed at 0.1% (v/v), although growth recovery seen after 24 h incubation. Besides, cinnamon down-regulated genes related Toll-like receptor, nitric oxide, apoptosis pathways. Similarly, secretion interleukin 2 inhibited cinnamon. Results support potential use food industry for immunomodulatory effects; however, underlying mechanisms are unknown warrant further research.